Journal of Pharmaceutical Researchers

A Antioxidant Activity of Syrup Made from a Combination of Earthworth (Lumbricus rubellus) And Dragon Fruit Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) With DPPH Method

Fitri Kurnia sari — 2023-07-31

Dragon fruit peels and earthworms are substances containing an antioxidant activity that can inhibit free radicals. Their utilization can be developed in the form of syrup ingredients. Dragon fruit peel extract has IC₅₀ 3.14 gram / 100 ml, while earthworm flour has IC₅₀ 120.22. This research aimed at determining the best syrup formula and antioxidant activity from a combination of earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) and dragon fruit peels (Hylocereus polyrhizus).

The syrup was made in 3 formulas with varying levels of earthworms and dragon fruit peels, namely formula 1 (20%; 10%), formula 2 (15%; 15%), and formula 3 (10%; 20%). Each formula was tested for its physical properties, organoleptic properties (color, smell, and taste), homogeneity, viscosity, pH, specific gravity, and hedonic test to obtain the syrup with the best profile. Then, the best syrup was tested for antioxidant activity by using the DPPH method.

The results showed that the syrup from a combination of earthworm and dragon fruit peel met the syrup quality test (organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, and BJ). In this study formula 2 (15%; 15%) was the chosen formula because it had an attractive taste and appearance, no sediment/homogeneity, low viscosity, stable pH, and showed the highest hedonic test results. Earthworm syrup and dragon fruit peel have moderate antioxidant activity (IC₅₀124.9 ppm) than ascorbic acid (IC₅₀10.24 ppm).

Keywords: antioxidant; dragon fruit peel (Hyocereus polyrhizus); DPPH; earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus); syrup

The Formulation of Nanogel Allantoin uses Nano Allantoin made by the Ionic Gelation Method between Chitosan and Tripolyphosphate

Rahma Asmarani — 2023-07-31

Allantoin is a kind of chemical compound as an anti-irritant and wound healer. Allantoin has a safe component characteristic, have not toxic but is easily degraded when used orally. On the other hand, modified allantoin through nanogels can increase stability and provide a maximum therapeutic effect. This study aims to determine the effects of the tripolyphosphate different concentrations as a crosslinking way on the characteristics of nano allantoin, determine the physical characteristics, and stability of the selected formula allantoin nanogel.

Allantoin nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method between chitosan polymer and tripolyphosphate crosslinker. The concentration of allantoin used was 0.5%, chitosan was 0.2% in 1% glacial acetic acid, and tripolyphosphate made in 3 variations, consisted of 0.3%; 0.2%; and 0.1%. The characteristics of nanoparticles include particle size, zeta potential, and sorption efficiency. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was used as a gelling material. The characteristics of nanogels include organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, and viscosity.

The results of the nano allantoin characteristic test showed the lower the tripolyphosphate concentration, the smaller the particle size, the stable zeta potential, and the higher the adsorption efficiency. Nano allantoin formula number 3 was chosen as the formula for the manufacture of nanogels, which had the smallest particle size (160.73±2.4 nm), stable zeta potential (31.27±2.76 mV), and the highest adsorption efficiency (60.01±0,5%. Formula 3 was proven to be able to be formulated in the form of nanogels and had good gel physical properties standards. The cycling test stability test showed that the preparation was stable during storage.

The Effect of Education on Community Behavior in Children's Cough Self-Medication in “X” Village, Purwantoro District, Wonogiri

Inaratul Rizkhy Hanifah — 2023-07-31

In the recent trend, self-medication has been carried out widely, including in Central Java Province, Indonesia. Several driving factors have been previously studied, suggesting that education might play a role in developing the behavior of a self-medicating community. In particular, this study aimed to determine the effect of community education on the behavior of self-medication for children's cough in Village “X”, Purwantoro District, Wonogiri. Preliminaly study was conducted with a pretest-posttest one-group approach. A cluster sampling technique of 256 respondents was performed by distributing questionnaires to the public community before and after being given education. The data were analyzed descriptively with univariate and bivariate tests based on Wilcoxon tests. As a result, the behavior of respondents has significantly improved after being given education with consecutive pretest and post-test. As the post-test result, the community's knowledge, attitudes, and behavior were in a high category in performing self-medication for the children's cough, notably compared to the pretest one with the sufficient category. The Wilcoxon test analysis was obtained at 0.000 (p <0.05), concluding that the providing adequate education positively affects the community's behavior in performing self-medication for children's cough.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Test Of Green Tea Leave (Camellia sinensis L.) Ethanol Extract Serum with Variation Concentrations of Xanthan Gum Against Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 11827

Cipta Karolina — 2023-07-31

Green tea leaves contain secondary metabolites of the flavonoid group (catechins), alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and tannins which have an antibacterial activity that causes acne. Anti-acne from green tea leaf ethanol extract was developed in serum preparations to facilitate topical use. This study aims to determine the effect of varying concentrations of xanthan gum on physical quality, stability, and antibacterial activity and determine which formula has good physical quality and stability and can inhibit P. acnes bacteria effectively.

Green tea leaves were extracted by the maceration method using 96% ethanol formulated into three formulas with 8% green tea leaf extract concentration and variation of xanthan gum concentration, respectively 1; 1,2; and 1.4%. The serum preparations were tested for organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, dispersibility, adhesion, and stability, then continued with the antibacterial activity test was continued using the hole method. The data were then subjected to a statistical analysis test using the SPSS program.

The results showed that serum preparations of green tea leaf extract concentration of 8% with 1% and 1.2% variations of xanthan gum concentrations had good physical quality and stability. The inhibition power of serum preparations against P. acnes bacteria in F1 is 15.42 mm, F2 is 15.31 mm, F3 is 13.97 mm, and K(-) is 2.57 mm. The results also showed that formula 1 with a 1% concentration of xanthan gum in the serum had the best physical quality and stability and effectively inhibited P. acnes bacteria.

keywords: Propionibacterium acnes, Camellia sinensis L., serum, xanthan gum

Analysis of Antidiabetic Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) at Puskesmas X Wonogiri Regency

Inandha Dewi — 2023-07-31

Antidiabetic drugs are used in the long term and have the potential for side effects or Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR), but how their prevalence and probability have not been widely studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence rate of ADR, especially glibenclamide, metformin and insulin in primary care and how the probability is.

The type of research is an observational, descriptive non-analytic study, prospective data collection using questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reality. The number of samples used in this study was 120 respondents. The data were analyzed univariately by percentage of ADR events, and probability analysis was performed using the Naranjo algorithm.

The results showed that as many as 46 (38.3%) respondents experienced ADR. The types of ADR events in the form of nausea, drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, and tremor were 32.6%, 30.4%, 17.4%, 15.2%, and 3.3%. Glibenclamide causes manifestations of tremor, weakness, nausea, drowsiness in the categories of probable, doubtful, probable, probable. The use of metformin manifestations in the form of weakness, nausea, drowsiness, and dizziness in the categories of doubtful, possible, probable, and probable. The combination of Glibenclamide and Metformin manifests in the form of weakness, nausea, drowsiness, and dizziness in the categories of possible, probable, probable, and probable. Insulin manifestations in the form of weakness in the probable category.