Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia

Clinical Outcomes And Cost-Effectiveness Of Ceftazidim-Avibactam In The Treatment of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Ayunda Nur Hidayatiningsih — 2026-05-31

A high rate of morbidity, mortality, and medical expenses has been observed in cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), particularly when it is associated with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Conventional medicines such as meropenem and colistin have been the standard of care. However, there is growing interest in ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) as a potential alternative. This review aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes and economic implications of CAZ-AVI in the management of VAP. A literature search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus from 2015 until July 2025. Studies were included if they reported clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of CAZ-AVI in patients with VAP. Data were extracted regarding interventions, comparators, outcomes, and economic evaluations. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. The administration of CAZ-AVI has been demonstrated to be associated with enhanced clinical outcomes, including a reduction in mortality and nephrotoxicity, particularly when compared to colistin-based regimens. Economic evaluations consistently showed that CAZ-AVI was cost-effective, with ICERs ranging from $3,317 to $35,328 per QALY, depending on country-specific thresholds. CAZ-AVI has shown positive clinical results and is a cost-effective treatment for VAP, especially in cases of CRE infections.

Pengaruh Pemakaian Kontrasepsi KB Suntik terhadap Peningkatan Tekanan Darah di Wilayah Puskesmas Geneng Kabupaten Ngawi

Dela Alfina — 2026-05-31

Increased blood pressure in women with hormonal imbalance occurs due to the secretion of angiotensinogen from the liver under endocrine control. This study aimed to determine the blood pressure profile, demographics of contraceptive users, and factors that influence increased blood pressure in the Geneng Community Health Center area, Ngawi Regency. The study design used a retrospective cohort. The sampling technique was purposive sampling adjusted to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data analysis was carried out using univariate tests, bivariate tests and multivariate analysis with regression to analyze the effect of injectable contraceptive use on blood pressure. The results of this study indicated that age had the most significant influence on increased blood pressure with 3-month injectable contraceptives using progestin and combination contraceptives with p values of 0.046 <0.05 (3-month progestin contraceptive) and 0.01 <0.05 (3-month combination contraceptive), respectively. The potential for hypertension in the use of 3-month progestin injectable contraceptives was 2,891 times and 3-month combination contraceptive injections was 5,204 times. Other factors such as BMI, number of children, occupation, and education did not significantly influence the incidence of hypertension. There was no significant association between injectable contraceptive use and increased blood pressure with a p-value of 0.365.

Efek Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Anting-Anting (Staphylococcus aureus ) dan Kulit Jeruk Manis (Citrus sinensis) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 dengan Metode Pita Kertas

Ghani Nurfiana Fadma Sari — 2026-05-31

Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 continue to increase due to antibiotic resistance, making natural product-based antibacterials a promising alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and combination effect of ethanol extracts of anting-anting leaves (Staphylococcus aureus) and sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Extraction was performed by maceration using 96% ethanol. Antibacterial activity was assessed by disc diffusion, MIC and MBC by dilution method, and combination effects by the paper strip method at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. Results showed that MIC and MBC of both single extracts were at 12.5%. Average inhibition zones of anting-anting leaves and sweet orange peel single extracts were 15.80 mm and 9.33 mm, respectively. The 1:1 combination produced the largest inhibition zone (18.57 mm). The paper strip method revealed a synergistic effect for the 1:1

Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and Antioxidant Values of Red Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) Flower Extract as a Potential Sunscreen

Diyan Sakti Purwanto — 2026-05-31

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays can cause various skin disorders, such as premature aging to skin cancer. Sunscreen made from natural ingredients is an effective solution to protect the skin from UV rays. Red rose flower has the potential as a UV protector and antioxidant. This study aims to determine the SPF value and antioxidant activity of red rose flower extract. This research uses descriptive quantitative method. Samples used red rose flowers with the extraction method, namely maceration using 96% ethanol solvent with a ratio of 1: 5 (b/v) for 3x24 hours. SPF and antioxidant values were determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometric method, with ascorbic acid comparison solution for antioxidant test. The result of the SPF measurement is 34.61538 which is included in the ultra protection type (>15) while the antioxidant rose flower extract obtained IC₅₀ value of 15.09 ppm and vitamin C as a comparison obtained a result of 9.59 ppm, both of which are included in the very strong antioxidant category (IC₅₀ <50 ppm). Thus, red rose flower extract has activity as a sunscreen and a source of natural antioxidants.

Formulation Formulation of Glibenclamide Liquisolid Tablets Using Transcutol and Lactose: Effects on Physical Properties and Dissolution

Muhammad Andani — 2026-05-31

Glibenclamide adalah obat antidiabetes oral dengan kelarutan air yang buruk, sehingga mengakibatkan disolusi terbatas dan bioavailabilitas oral yang rendah. Pendekatan liquisolid, yang menggunakan Transcutol® sebagai pelarut non-volatil dan laktosa sebagai pembawa, merupakan strategi potensial untuk meningkatkan kinerja disolusinya. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh variasi konsentrasi Transcutol® terhadap sifat fisik dan profil disolusi tablet liquisolid glibenclamide, serta untuk menentukan formulasi optimal. Tablet disiapkan dalam empat formulasi: F0 (kontrol), F1 (20%), F2 (30%), dan F3 (40%) Transcutol®, menggunakan metode kompresi langsung. Evaluasi meliputi sifat aliran granul, karakteristik fisik tablet, dan pengujian disolusi. Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA satu arah diikuti dengan uji Tukey. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi Transcutol® secara signifikan mempengaruhi (p<0,05) sifat fisik dan profil disolusi tablet. Transcutol® meningkatkan kekerasan dan disolusi tablet sekaligus mengurangi kerapuhan, tetapi memperpanjang waktu disintegrasi. Laktosa meningkatkan sifat aliran dan memfasilitasi penetrasi medium. Formula F3 menunjukkan profil disolusi tertinggi dan memenuhi kriteria kualitas fisik yang dapat diterima. Kesimpulannya, sistem liquisolid yang menggabungkan Transcutol® dan laktosa secara efektif meningkatkan sifat fisik dan disolusi tablet glibenclamide.

Isolation and Preliminary Characterization of L-Asparaginase-Producing Bacteria from Marine Sponges Collected in the Makassar Sea

Ayyub Harly Nurung — 2026-05-31

This study provides an initial exploration aimed at discovering new sources of L-asparaginase from marine sponge-associated bacteria, representing a novelty due to the limited reports from the Makassar Sea ecosystem. The research addresses the need for alternative L-asparaginase producers with improved therapeutic potential and biological compatibility by isolating candidate bacteria from marine sponges. Isolation was performed using M9 and Asparagine Glucose Salt Agar to detect bacteria capable of hydrolyzing L-asparagine, indicated by the formation of pink halo zones. Three isolates (C6, B18, KH6) exhibiting the strongest responses were selected for further enzymatic evaluation using the Nessler method. The results revealed that isolate C6 displayed the highest activity (74.89 IU/mL), followed by B18 (58.44 IU/mL), whereas KH6 showed low activity (9.57 IU/mL). These findings demonstrate that marine sponges represent a promising reservoir of novel L-asparaginase-producing bacteria, with isolate C6 emerging as the most promising candidate for future purification and biochemical characterization. This study provides an important basis for developing alternative L-asparaginase sources for biotechnological applications.

Optimization of Ethanol Solvent Concentration on Topical Analgesic Activity of Mint Leaves (Mentha piperita) in White Mice (Mus musculus)

Sirilus Deodatus Sawu — 2026-05-31

Pain is a natural physiological response of the body due to tissue damage or harmful stimuli where pharmacological treatment generally uses analgesics. Topical analgesics are considered safer because they can minimize systemic side effects. The use of ethanol extract of mint leaves (Mentha piperita) is known to have properties as a topical analgesic so it is necessary to optimize the concentration of ethanol used. The purpose of this study was to test the activity of topical anagesic extract of mint leaves with varying concentrations of ethanol solvents of 50%, 70% and 96% in white mice (Mus musculus). The method used was pain induction using a hot plate. White mice will be divided into 5 groups where each group will receive a different treatment. The soles of the feet of white mice will be smeared with mint leaf extract gel extracted with ethanol solvent concentrations of 50%, 70% and 96% as a test group as well as those who only received gel base and voltaren gel. The results showed that starting from the 30th minute there was a significant difference in the average latency time in all groups (p-value = 0.000). These results indicate that analgesic activity began to appear in the test and positive control groups at 30 minutes compared to the negative control group. The gel containing 96% ethanol extract of mint leaves produced the most optimal topical analgesic activity.

FORMULATION OF NANO-GEL SPEARMINT OIL (Mentha spicata L.) PREPARATION WITH VARIATIONS OF HMPC CONCETRATION

Sinta Yuliana — 2026-05-31

The Mentha spicata L., commonly known as spearmint, is a plant rich in essential oils (1.2% – 1.5%) with major compounds including myrcene, L-limonene, cis-dihydrocarvone, and L-carvone, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifungal activities. This study aims to formulate a spearmint oil nanogel preparation to enhance the skin penetration of active substances and to evaluate the effect of varying HPMC concentrations (3%, 5%, and 7%) on the physical characteristics of the preparation and its percent transmittance value. The research was conducted experimentally. The characterization of the preparation included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion capacity, and percent transmittance testing using UV-Vis spectrophotometry to measure the clarity of the nanoemulsion preparation. The results showed that the spearmint nanoemulsion had an average particle size of 9.6 nm with a percent transmittance value reaching 98.23%, indicating the formation of a clear nano-sized system. Variations in HPMC concentration had a significant effect on the physical properties of the gel; higher HPMC concentrations resulted in increased viscosity and adhesion capacity, while spreadability decreased. Formula III, containing 7% HPMC, was concluded to be the best formula as it met all the parameter requirements for the physical quality of an ideal gel preparation, including a skin-safe pH (6.42), stable viscosity (340 dPas), as well as spreadability and adhesion capacity consistent with the literature.

Optimization of CMC-Na and HPMC Proportions in Leucaena leucocephala Seed Extract Gel Using the Simplex Lattice Design Method

Meliana Novitasari — 2026-05-31

Lamtoro is a traditionally cultivated plant, this is due to its therapeutic properties and chemical content and in lamtoro seeds contain flavonoids that function as antioxidants. The use of lamtoro seed extract can provide a protective effect from skin damage due to photoaging and carciogenesis. The effectiveness of the drug will be maximized if given to a preparation such as a gel. The type and concentration of gel used will affect physical properties and physical stability. This study aims to determine the effect of gelling agent concentration on the physical properties and physical requirements of gel preparations. Evaluation of gel preparations includes pH tests, dispersion tests, adhesion and viscosity tests. The results showed that there was an influence of gelling agent concentration on the physical properties and physical requirements of gel preparations, which was reinforced by the results of One-Way ANOVA statistical analysis where a significance value of <0.05 was obtained which can be concluded that there is an influence of gelling agent concentration.

Antioxidant Potential of Ipomoea carnea Jacq Leaves Extract Fractions Based on Solvent Optimization and Soxhletation Time Using the DPPH Method

Nova Rahma Widyaningrum — 2026-05-31

The content of Ipomoea carnea Jacq leaves includes flavonoids, saponins, phenolics and alkaloids, which can be used as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, wound healing, immunomodulator, cardiovascular treatment, embryotoxic and antifungal. The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidant potential derived from the optimal fraction of the extraction solvent and soxhletation time using the DPPH method. Extraction of the contents of krangkungan leaves was carried out with methanol solvent for 5 hours, then fractionation was carried out using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents and then tested for potential antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Activity measurements were carried out using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 526.4nm. The antioxidant results showed that all fractions had antioxidant activity, but had different categories. The IC50 values of n-hexane were 115.125 ppm (moderate), ethyl acetate 82.804 ppm (strong), and methanol 51.63 ppm (strong) respectively, with a routine comparator of 24.23 ppm (very strong). The results of statistical analysis using the ANOVA test showed significant differences between the three fractions and the routine comparator.