Development of a Herbal Sunscreen Cream Using Clitoria ternatea and Aloe vera: Formulation, Quality Assessment, and In Vivo Efficacy
Abstract
Increased awareness of the adverse effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation has led to the development of sunscreen formulations that utilize natural ingredients for enhanced skin protection. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a herbal sunscreen cream combining extracts from Clitoria ternatea and Aloe vera for their UV protection efficacy using an in vivo murine model. The experimental design included the formulation of creams with varying concentrations of the active ingredients, followed by assessments of homogeneity, spreadability, adhesiveness, viscosity, pH, and hedonic qualities. In vivo sunscreen activity was tested on mice, measuring the Sun Protection Factor (SPF). Results showed that creams containing higher concentrations of the extracts (F4) had significantly increased SPF values 35, indicating effective UV protection. The creams also demonstrated good homogeneity, appropriate pH levels, and were well-received in hedonic tests. The study concludes that the combination of Clitoria ternatea and Aloe vera extracts can serve as a potent natural alternative to synthetic sunscreen agents.
Keywords:
Clitoria ternatea, Aloe vera, Sun Protection Factor (SPF), Sunscreen, In Vivo Assay
References
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[34] P. N. Brown, R. Yu, C. H. Kuan, J. Finley, E. M. Mudge, and S. Dentali, “Determination of Aloin A and Aloin B in Aloe vera raw materials and finished products by high-performance liquid chromatography: single-laboratory validation,” Journal of AOAC International, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 1323–1328, 2014.
[35] E. H. Kaparakou et al., “Quantitative determination of aloin, antioxidant activity, and toxicity of ALOE VERA leaf gel products from Greece,” J Sci Food Agric, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 414–423, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1002/jsfa.10650.
[36] D. K. Pandey, S. Parida, and A. Dey, “Comparative HPTLC analysis of bioactive marker barbaloin from in vitro and naturally grown Aloe vera,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 161–167, 2016.
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[38] K. Nabeshima, A. Mizutani, E. Misawa, M. Tanaka, K. Yamauchi, and F. Abe, “Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of phytosterols derived from Aloe vera gel,” MethodsX, vol. 9, p. 101642, 2022.
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[41] D. P. Wibowo, S. Rahma, I. E. Herawati, and R. Mariani, “Literature review: The utilization of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and lidah buaya (Aloe vera) in cosmetic applications,” Science Midwifery, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 785–793, 2023.
[2] F. E. Sanusi, A. A. S. Sawitri, and W. C. W. S. Putri, “Hubungan Aktivitas Merokok Dengan Penuaan Dini Kulit Pada Kelompok Masyarakat Usia 20-40 Tahun Di Universitas Udayana,” Jurnal Bios Logos, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 34–40, 2020.
[3] Y.-J. You et al., “Sesamol inhibited ultraviolet radiation-induced hyperpigmentation and damage in C57BL/6 mouse skin,” Antioxidants, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 207, 2019.
[4] M. F. Holick, “Sunlight, UV Radiation, Vitamin D, and Skin Cancer: How Much Sunlight Do We Need?,” in Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer, vol. 1268, J. Reichrath, Ed., in Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 1268. , Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp. 19–36. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_2.
[5] S. L. Schneider and H. W. Lim, “Review of environmental effects of oxybenzone and other sunscreen active ingredients,” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 266–271, 2019.
[6] J. C. DiNardo and C. A. Downs, “Dermatological and environmental toxicological impact of the sunscreen ingredient oxybenzone/benzophenone‐3,” J of Cosmetic Dermatology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 15–19, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1111/jocd.12449.
[7] E. L. Holt, N. d N. Rodrigues, J. Cebrián, and V. G. Stavros, “Determining the photostability of avobenzone in sunscreen formulation models using ultrafast spectroscopy,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 23, no. 42, pp. 24439–24448, 2021.
[8] A. R. Caldas et al., “Avobenzone-loaded and omega-3-enriched lipid formulations for production of UV blocking sunscreen gels and textiles,” Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 342, p. 116965, 2021.
[9] A. Siller, S. C. Blaszak, M. Lazar, and E. O. Harken, “Update about the effects of the sunscreen ingredients oxybenzone and octinoxate on humans and the environment,” Plastic and Aesthetic Nursing, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 158–161, 2018.
[10] S. Santander Ballestín and M. J. Luesma Bartolomé, “Toxicity of different chemical components in sun cream filters and their impact on human health: a review,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 712, 2023.
[11] P. Cocci, G. Mosconi, and F. A. Palermo, “Sunscreen active ingredients in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and their relation to molecular markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and hormonal activity in wild populations,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 153, p. 111012, 2020.
[12] I. Ioannou, L. Chekir, and M. Ghoul, “Effect of heat treatment and light exposure on the antioxidant activity of flavonoids,” Processes, vol. 8, no. 9, p. 1078, 2020.
[13] G. Do Thi, V. H. Ha, H. H. Chu, and B. N. Pham, “Investigation of some chemical characteristics and antioxidant effects of flavonoid compounds extracted from the species of Anoectochilus in Vietnam,” VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology, vol. 33, no. 1S, 2017, Accessed: Aug. 27, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://js.vnu.edu.vn/NST/article/view/4559
[14] L. C. Cefali et al., “Flavonoid-enriched plant-extract-loaded emulsion: A novel phytocosmetic sunscreen formulation with antioxidant properties,” Antioxidants, vol. 8, no. 10, p. 443, 2019.
[15] M. Fonseca, M. Rehman, R. Soares, and P. Fonte, “The impact of flavonoid-loaded nanoparticles in the UV protection and safety profile of topical sunscreens,” Biomolecules, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 493, 2023.
[16] Y. Wang et al., “Clitoria ternatea blue petal extract protects against obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation induced by a high-fat, high-fructose diet in C57BL/6 mice,” Food Research International, vol. 162, p. 112008, 2022.
[17] P. Maneesai et al., “Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea Linn.) extract ameliorates cardiovascular dysfunction and oxidative stress in nitric oxide-deficient hypertensive rats,” Antioxidants, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 523, 2021.
[18] M. A. Naini et al., “Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Healing-Promoting Effects of Aloe vera Extract in the Experimental Colitis in Rats,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2021, pp. 1–12, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/9945244.
[19] K. Fehrmann-Cartes, M. Coronado, A. J. Hernández, M. L. Allende, and C. G. Feijoo, “Anti-inflammatory effects of aloe vera on soy meal-induced intestinal inflammation in zebrafish,” Fish & shellfish immunology, vol. 95, pp. 564–573, 2019.
[20] H. M. Wahedi, M. Jeong, J. K. Chae, S. G. Do, H. Yoon, and S. Y. Kim, “Aloesin from Aloe vera accelerates skin wound healing by modulating MAPK/Rho and Smad signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo,” Phytomedicine, vol. 28, pp. 19–26, 2017.
[21] P. D. Dhangar, R. Newadkar, V. Bhadane, N. Jaiswal, H. Shimpi, and L. Desale, “Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Extract of Butterfly Pea Multipurpose Cream,” Research Journal of Topical and Cosmetic Sciences, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.52711/2321-5844.2023.00013.
[22] A. Rasheed, S. N. Shama, S. Mohanalakshmi, and V. Ravichandran, “Formulation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of herbal sunscreen lotion,” Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 241–246, 2012.
[23] B. S. Dewi, S. M. Utami, F. Hikmah, N. Nurmiwiyati, A. Werawati, and L. Y. Nov, “Formulasi Sediaan Gel Hand Sanitizer yang Mengandung Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau dan Ekstrak Daun Kemangi,” in Prosiding SEMLITMAS (Seminar Hasil Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat), 2024, pp. 275–282. Accessed: Aug. 31, 2024. [Online]. Available: http://openjournal.wdh.ac.id/index.php/PROSIDINGSEMLITMAS/article/view/849
[24] N. Lolok, N. H. Nasir, and D. Chulaifah, “Optimasi Sediaan Krim Dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Muda Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Sebagai Antioksidan,” Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 6, 2019.
[25] A. M. Numberi, R. Dewipratiwi, and E. Gunawan, “Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Masker Gel dari Ekstrak Alga Merah (Poryphyra sp),” Majalah Farmasetika, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 9, 2020, doi: 10.24198/mfarmasetika.v5i1.24066.
[26] J. M. Djamal, N. Farida, W. Sabaan, and Y. Trinovitasari, “Formulasi Krim Ekstrak Etanol Herba Patah Tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli l) 10% Dengan Variasi Nilai Hlb Tween 80 Dan Span 80 Sebagai Emulsifying Agent,” Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi, vol. I, no. 2, p. 13, 2020.
[27] V. Y. T. R. Simamora, S. Mulyani, and B. A. Harsojuwono, “Pengaruh Konsentrasi Ekstrak Etanol Kunyit dan Daun Asam (Curcuma domestica Val.-Tamarindus indica L.) terhadap Karakteristik Krim,” Jurnal Rekayasa Dan Manajemen Agroindustri, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 341, 2020, doi: 10.24843/jrma.2020.v08.i03.p03.
[28] P. Erawati, Sunarti, and D. Nawangsari, “Formulasi dan Uji Sifat Fisik Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava L),” jurnal Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (SNPPKM), p. 521, 2021.
[29] X. Fu, Q. Wu, J. Wang, Y. Chen, G. Zhu, and Z. Zhu, “Spectral characteristic, storage stability and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin extracts from flowers of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.),” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 22, p. 7000, 2021.
[30] G. C. Vidana Gamage, Y. Y. Lim, and W. S. Choo, “Anthocyanins from Clitoria ternatea flower: Biosynthesis, extraction, stability, antioxidant activity, and applications,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 12, p. 792303, 2021.
[31] N. Mahmad et al., “Anthocyanin as potential source for antimicrobial activity in Clitoria ternatea L. and Dioscorea alata L.,” Pigment & Resin Technology, 2018.
[32] C. Wongs-Aree, M. M. Giusti, and S. J. Schwartz, “Anthocyanins derived only from delphinidin in the blue petals of Clitoria ternatea,” in IV International Conference on Managing Quality in Chains-The Integrated View on Fruits and Vegetables Quality 712, 2006, pp. 437–442. Accessed: Sep. 01, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.actahort.org/books/712/712_51.htm
[33] N. M. Thuy, V. Q. Minh, T. C. Ben, M. T. Thi Nguyen, H. T. N. Ha, and N. V. Tai, “Identification of anthocyanin compounds in butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) by ultra performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet coupled to mass spectrometry,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 15, p. 4539, 2021.
[34] P. N. Brown, R. Yu, C. H. Kuan, J. Finley, E. M. Mudge, and S. Dentali, “Determination of Aloin A and Aloin B in Aloe vera raw materials and finished products by high-performance liquid chromatography: single-laboratory validation,” Journal of AOAC International, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 1323–1328, 2014.
[35] E. H. Kaparakou et al., “Quantitative determination of aloin, antioxidant activity, and toxicity of ALOE VERA leaf gel products from Greece,” J Sci Food Agric, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 414–423, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1002/jsfa.10650.
[36] D. K. Pandey, S. Parida, and A. Dey, “Comparative HPTLC analysis of bioactive marker barbaloin from in vitro and naturally grown Aloe vera,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 161–167, 2016.
[37] F. Yang et al., “Transformation and degradation of barbaloin in aqueous solutions and aloe powder under different processing conditions,” Food Bioscience, vol. 43, p. 101279, 2021.
[38] K. Nabeshima, A. Mizutani, E. Misawa, M. Tanaka, K. Yamauchi, and F. Abe, “Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of phytosterols derived from Aloe vera gel,” MethodsX, vol. 9, p. 101642, 2022.
[39] E.-R. Kenawy, M. A. El-Meligy, Z. S. Ghaly, M. E. Kenawy, and E. A. Kamoun, “Novel Physically-Crosslinked Caffeine and Vitamin C-Loaded PVA/Aloe Vera Hydrogel Membranes for Topical Wound Healing: Synthesis, Characterization and In-Vivo Wound Healing Tests,” J Polym Environ, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 2140–2157, May 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10924-023-03083-7.
[40] R. Fatima et al., “Vitamin E boosted the protective potential of Aloe vera in CCl4-treated rats,” Biologia, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 269–276, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11756-021-00932-5.
[41] D. P. Wibowo, S. Rahma, I. E. Herawati, and R. Mariani, “Literature review: The utilization of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and lidah buaya (Aloe vera) in cosmetic applications,” Science Midwifery, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 785–793, 2023.
Published
2024-11-30
Section
Articles
