Different of Cholesterol Levels in Cigarette Smokers and Electronic Cigarette
Abstract
Smoking causes an increase in cholesterol in the blood. It is well known that tobacco contains nicotine has a considerable influence on the increase of blood lipid levels. Normally, lipids play an important role in all aspects of biological life, but excessive cholesterol causes changes in lipid composition, induces ROS formation and lipid oxidation. This process can also cause damage to proteins and DNA, changing cellular function, which causes tissue damage. This research using analytic survey, with analytic cross sectional design with 30 subjects. The mean cholesterol level between tobacco smokers is 210.0 mg / dl and electric smokers is 123.73 mg / dl. The average difference in cholesterol levels among smokers was tested using One way ANOVA, p value = 0.000 (p <0.05). The cholesterol level of the tobacco smoker group was significantly higher when compared to the electronic smoker group.
Keywords:
cholestherol, cigarette smokers, electronic cigarette
References
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Sugiyono (2012) Statistika Untuk Administrasi. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Szkup, M. et al. (2018) ‘Influence of cigarette smoking on hormone and lipid metabolism in women in late reproductive stage’, Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, pp. 109–115. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S140487.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) World No Tobacco Day: Tobacco and Heart Disease. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/31-05-2018-world-no-tobacco-day-tobacco-and-heart-disease (Accessed: 3 November 2019).
Alharbi, W. D. M. (2011) ‘Influence of Cigarette Smoking On Lipid Profile In Male University Students.’, Pakistan Journal of Pharmacology, 28(2), pp. 45–49.
Amiya, E. (2016) ‘Interaction of hyperlipidemia and reactive oxygen species: Insights from the lipid-raft platform’, World Journal of Cardiology, 8(12), pp. 689–694. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i12.689.
Attard, R. et al. (2017) ‘The impact of passive and active smoking on inflammation , lipid profile and the risk of myocardial infarction’, pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2017-000620.
Bhalerao, A. et al. (2019) ‘Public Health Policies on E-Cigarettes’, Current Cardiology Reports. Current Cardiology Reports, 21(111), pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1007/s11886-019-1204-y.
Bullen, C. et al. (2010) ‘Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: Randomised cross-over trial’, Tobacco Control, 19(2), pp. 98–103. doi: 10.1136/tc.2009.031567.
CDC (2014) Smoking and Cardiovascular Diseases, Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/pdfs/fs_smoking_CVD_508.pdf (Accessed: 3 November 2019).
Damayanti, A. (2016) ‘Penggunaan Rokok Elektronik di Komunitas Personal Vaporizer Surabaya’, Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi, 4(2), pp. 250–261. doi: 10.20473/jbe.v4i2.2016.250–261.
Devaranavadgi et al. (2012) ‘Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Blood Lipids - A Study in Belgaum, Northern Karnataka, India’, Global Journal of Medical Research, 12(6), pp. 371–378.
Fauzi, R. et al. (2019) Hubungan Terpaan Iklan, Promosi, Sponsor Rokok dengan Status Merokok di Indonesia, Tobacco Control Support Center – Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. Available at: http://www.tcsc-indonesia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Booklet-Hasil-Studi-TAPS-dan-Status-Merokok.pdf (Accessed: 3 November 2019).
Girish and Harish (2018) ‘A Comparative Study of Effects of Smoking on Lipid Profile Among Healthy Smokers and Non-Smokers’, Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 5(8), pp. 696–698. doi: 10.18410/jebmh/2018/141.
Gopdianto, D. A., Wongkar, D. and Ticoalu, S. (2013) ‘Perbandingan Kadar Kolesterol High Density Lipoprotein Darah Pada Pria Perokok Dan Bukan Perokok’, Jurnal e-Biomedik, 1(2), pp. 997–1001. doi: 10.35790/ebm.1.2.2013.3253.
Hassan, E. E. et al. (2013) ‘Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Lipid Profile In Male at Collage of Police and Low Khartoum, Sudan’, Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 03(26), pp. 28–31. Available at: http://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/effect-of-cigarette-smoking-on-lipid-profile-in-male-at-collage-of-police-and-low-khartoum-sudan.pdf.
Hayati, N. and Sulistyawati, D. (2015). ‘Minimalisir Kadar Kolesterol Pada Telur Asin Olahan Dengan Pemanfaatan Media Seduhan The HItam’. Jurnal Biomedika. 8(1), pp. 24-29. Available at : https://sinta.ristekbrin.go.id/journals/detail?q=kolesterol&search=1&id=4621
Indra, M. F., Hasneli, Y. and Utami, S. (2015) ‘Gambaran Psikologis Perokok Tembakau yang Beralih Menggunakan Rokok Elektrik (Vaporizer)’, Cybrarians Journal, 2(2), pp. 1285–1291.
Kaur, G. et al. (2018) ‘Immunological and toxicological risk assessment of e-cigarettes’, European Respiratory Review, 27(147), pp. 1–14. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0119-2017.
Kim, J. W. and Baum, C. R. (2015) ‘Liquid nicotine toxicity’, Pediatric Emergency Care, 31(7), pp. 517–521. doi: 10.1097/pec.0000000000000486.
Løchen, M. L. (2017) ‘The electronic cigarette, do we need to worry?’, European Heart Journal, 38(24), p. 1870. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx286.
Manzoni, A. G. et al. (2019) ‘Rutin and curcumin reduce inflammation, triglyceride levels and ADA activity in serum and immune cells in a model of hyperlipidemia’, Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases. Elsevier Inc, 76, pp. 13–21. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2018.12.005.
Oyewole, O. S. et al. (2013) ‘Lipid profile of cigarette smokers in an ancient city’, Scholars journal of applied medical sciences, 1(5), pp. 447–451.
Polosa, R. (2015) ‘Electronic cigarette use and harm reversal: Emerging evidence in the lung’, BMC Medicine, 13(1), pp. 10–13. doi: 10.1186/s12916-015-0298-3.
Qasim, H. et al. (2017) ‘Impact of electronic cigarettes on the cardiovascular system’, Journal of the American Heart Association, 6(9), pp. 1–14. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006353.
Rao, S. and Subash, E. (2013) ‘The effect of chronic tobacco smoking and chewing on the lipid profile’, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 7(1), pp. 31–34. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2012/5086.2663.
Safyudin, S. and Subandrate, S. (2016) ‘Smoking tends to decrease glutathione and increase malondialdehyde levels in medical students’, Universa Medicina, 35(2), pp. 89–95. doi: 10.18051/univmed.2016.v35.89-95.
Sanhia, A., Pangeman, D. and Engka, J. (2015) ‘Gambaran Kadar Kolesterol Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Pada Masyarakat Perokok Di Pesisir Pantai’, Journal e-Biomedik, 3(1), pp. 460–465.
Santana, I. G. A. K., Zuryani, N. and Kamajaya, G. (2018) ‘Konstruksi Sosial Rokok Elektrik (Vape) Sebagai Subsitusi Rokok Tembakau Bagi Perokok Aktif di Kota Denpasar’, Jurnal Ilmiah Sosiologi, 1(1), pp. 1–8.
Sugiyono (2012) Statistika Untuk Administrasi. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Szkup, M. et al. (2018) ‘Influence of cigarette smoking on hormone and lipid metabolism in women in late reproductive stage’, Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, pp. 109–115. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S140487.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) World No Tobacco Day: Tobacco and Heart Disease. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/31-05-2018-world-no-tobacco-day-tobacco-and-heart-disease (Accessed: 3 November 2019).
Published
2020-09-28
How to Cite
Fahmi, N., & Uyuni, S. (2020). Different of Cholesterol Levels in Cigarette Smokers and Electronic Cigarette. Biomedika, 13(2), 136-141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31001/biomedika.v13i2.805
Section
Articles
